Erzurum Tourist Map With Attractions Visiting Places

Erzurum is known for its historical monuments and winter sports facilities.

The science of origin

The first known name of the city was the Eastern Roman Emperor II. It was Theodosiopolis, which was associated with the name of Theodosius (408-450). Armenians called it Karin. Before the Roman invasion, it is known that Erzurum was a city called "Karin" by Armenians. Belâzürî says that the city called Kalikale was called by the Arabs because it was founded by his wife Kali who took his place upon the death of the ruler of the region. After the 11th century, the Turks used the name Erzen for Theodosiopolis. In the Seljuk coins, the name of the city was written as Erzenü’r-Rûm (ارزن الروم), Erzen-i Rûm (ارزن روم) and Erz-i Rûm (ارز روم). Later, this name was Arz-ı Rûm (ارض روم - ارضروم) and finally it took the form of present-day Erzurum. Since this city has a fortified fortress, it is reported that veterans from all sides guarded the city by keeping watch and there were a lot of merchants in the city.

history

In addition to being suitable and convenient for the natural conditions and geographical location, the proximity to the places known as important centers of civilization and civilization made Erzurum one of the oldest settlements in Anatolia. Some stone tools found as a result of the excavations carried out to the present day lead the history of the settlement in Erzurum and its region to the 'chipped stone age'. In addition, the finds of Karaz, Pulur, Güzelova Höyük and Sos Höyük indicate that Karaz Culture was the center of the Early Bronze Age of Erzurum.

Erzurum has hosted many civilizations from prehistory to the present. Erzurum date 4000 BC until uzanmaktadır.urartu, Cimmerians, Scythians, Hittites, Medes, Persians, Romans, Byzantines, Sassanids, Umayyad, Seljuks, Mongols, Ilkhanate, Safavids, Ottomans and the Republic of Turkey has retained control of the provincial territory.

First semester

It is estimated that Erzurum, the largest city in Eastern Anatolia, was founded in 4900 BC. The region, including Erzurum, has dominated the Hurris, Assyrians, Cimmerians, Scythians (Sakas) throughout the history. The region, which could not be surrounded by the Medes, was invaded by the Persians in the 6th century BC. The King of Macedonia, Alexander the Great, who defeated Iran in the 4th century BC, reigned in the region. Later, upon Alexander's death, the region, which was first seized by the Selokids and then the Romans, caused great wars between the Romans and the Parthians. Due to the division of the Roman Empire, Erzurum was given to the Eastern Romans (Byzantines) in 395 AD. Later, it was ruled by the Sassanids and Byzantines. Erzurum, which is in the border region of the Hittites, is the scene of many wars because of its location on historical migration and invasion routes. In 422 AD the Byzantines founded "Theodosiopolis" near Erzurum. Later, Erzurum and "Theodosiopolis" were conquered in 633 by the Islamic Armies under the command of the Muslim Commander Omar bin Khattab. The population of the region, which was captured by Muslims, increased rapidly in a very short time and became 200 thousand. Erzurum, which was one of the biggest cities of the world at the time, then the Byzantines took back the other cities and Erzurum as the Islamic states started to struggle with each other and started to struggle internally. In 1048, the Seljuks defeated the Byzantines in the battle of Pasinler. Thus 1071 years before the battle of Manzikert Erzurum Erzurum; Tuğrul Bey, his brother Çağrı Bey and Süleyman Şah's father Şahzade Kutalmış Bey conquered. In this process, upon the agreement made with Byzantium, Erzurum was returned to Byzantium. One of the commanders of the Seljuk Sultan Alparslan, Ebul Kasım conquered Erzurum by defeating Byzantium after the 1071 Malazgirt victory.

The sons of Saltık (Saltuk), the first Turkish beylerbeyligi in Anatolia, was founded by the Saltuklular Principality. Until 1202, Erzurum became the capital of Saltuklular Principality. In the period of 1071-1202: Melik Ebul Kasım (1071-1103), Melik Ali (1103-1174), Melik Nasreddin Mehmed (1174-1884), Melikşah (1184-1202), Melik Aladeddin (1200-1202) reigned. was a province subject to Anatolian Seljuks in Konya. It was invaded by the Mongols in 1242. After this invasion, the Ilkhanians took over Erzurum and its region. After the Ilkhanians who ruled in Erzurum in 1202-1335, the region Eretna (Ertenç) came under the auspices of the Turkish Principality. At the end of the 1300s, Erzurum was first besieged by Karakoyunlu and then by Timur. Karakoyunlu people reigned in the region until the middle of the 15th century. In 1467, as a result of a sudden raid by Uzun Hasan, the leader of Akkoyunlu State, the Karakoyunlu state was destroyed with the death of Cihan Şah and Erzurum passed into the hands of Akkoyunlu State. The Akkoyunlu State was completely annihilated by the Safavid ruler Shah Ismail of Turkish origin in 1508. Safavis passed into the hands of Erzurum, during the Safavids fell very much. In 1514, the Ottoman Sultan Yavuz Sultan Selim conquered Erzurum. The Safavids took back Erzurum. Later, Suleiman the Magnificent added Erzurum to the Ottoman lands. Erzurum developed very much as a state center during the Ottoman Empire. Being on the Trabzon - Tabriz trade road and having the status of serhat city because of its fortress, Erzurum became the military base of the Ottoman expeditions to Iran. Developing day by day; has become a center of trade, culture, art, industry and military. It was founded by the Ottomans in Erzurum. Erzurum, Gumushane, Erzincan provinces and Malazgirt of Mus, Bingolun Kiği districts were located. In the mid-1600s, the province of Erzurum had a surface area of ​​49,324 km².

Ottoman period
Abaza Mehmed Pasha Uprising and the siege of Erzurum

In 1591, the intervention of the administration in the events that occurred between the people of Erzurum and the janissaries was necessary, but these events prepared the ground for the emergence of other rebellions. With the increasing number of janissaries in the region, there were problems with taxes among the people of Erzurum. People who complained about the janissaries settled in Erzurum killed some janissaries there. After the news reached Istanbul, the janissaries reacted. Upon these events, the Ottoman vizier Ferhad Pasha was dismissed and a delegation was sent to Erzurum. This delegation sent many Erzurum people hanged and executed in a castle. Some of them were sent to Istanbul and were hooked and executed.

Abaza Mehmed Pasha, who was the governor of Erzurum in the 1620s, was the Sultan II. After Osman was killed, he started to kill janissaries in Erzurum. However, when the Janissaries were tried to be recognized by the burn on the kneecap, the unrelated people were killed by calling them "Janissary". The progress of Abaza Pasha, IV. After the removal of Murad's throne, Abaza Pasha was closed to the castle in Erzurum. After a reconciliation, he was brought to Erzurum Beylerbeyi again, but he continued to act with the same violence. Although he was asked for help due to an expedition in 1626, he thought it was a trap and attacked the army with his subordinates. The prisoner shot the janissaries' necks and murdered Dişlenk Hüseyin Pasha. The prisoner had four parts of the pedestrians and four members of the company and hung them on the bastions of Erzurum Castle. He also killed all the janissaries and artillery he found on the sides of Erzurum. Halil Pasha, who was on his eastern expedition, found negotiations with Abaza Pasha in Erzurum in August 1627, but he did not get any results. Then he besieged Erzurum. The siege of Erzurum was abolished in November. In 1628, Abaza Pasha surrendered at the end of the campaign organized by Hüsrev Pasha. Forgiven by Murad. Before the uprising of Abaza Pasha, the janissaries and the people of Erzurum were confronted.

Recent term

Erzurum was subjected to Russian invasion three times in 1828-1829, 1878 and 1916. These invasions, in which the Russians caused great destruction, were temporary. Although Ahmet Muhtar Pasha defeated the Russians several times in the east in 1877-1878, the result was developed in favor of the Russians because of the continuous reinforcements of the Russians. Ahmet Muhtar Pasha, Russian General Arshak Ter-Gukasov in the battle of Halyaz near Karayazı (21 June, 1877); He also defeated Russian Commander-in-Chief Melikof in the Battle of Zivin Square (June 25-26, 1877). The Russian Tsar dismissed General Melikof after this defeat, and then Ahmet Muhtar Pasha met for the third time in the Battle of Gedikler Square between the Russian army and Kars and Gyumri and defeated the Russian army. The Jews won the Battle of the Square by defeating 34,000 Turkish soldiers and 74,000 Russian soldiers.

When the Russians stacked a large number of forces, Ahmet Muhtar Pasha drew his army to Erzurum. Subsequently, the reinforcements received by the Russians allowed them to occupy the region during the period of 9 November 1877 - 13 July 1878.

In June 1890, when a search was made to search a church in Erzurum, clashes took place between the Ottoman soldiers and the Armenians. The clash resulted in the deaths of 20 Armenians and 3 soldiers. II. During the reign of Abdulhamid (1890s), Hamidiye Regiments, which existed in a region including Erzurum, started massacres especially against Armenians. In 1895, many Armenian craftsmen, who became targets, were burnt down after the shop was looted, and the craftsmen were battered or killed. This was followed by turning to Armenian neighborhoods and killing, plundering, rape, kidnapping and forced Islamization. On May 15, 1915, a German official in Erzurum reported the exile of the Armenian population in the surrounding villages. He then spoke of the poverty shortage of the deported. On June 2, Scheubner-Richter, deputy consul in Erzurum, stated that "all necessary supplies, all kinds of tools, equipment, transport vehicles are almost non-existent" and "less than half of those exiled will arrive at their destination alive. ".

On February 27, 1918, Armenian gangs killed Turks in Alaca village of Erzurum and the Turkish bazaars started to be burned in Erzurum. On the night of 26-27 February 1918, 3000 to 8000 Muslims were killed in Erzurum. Russian Lieutenant Colonel Tverdohlebof stated that in late February 1918 the Turks in the villages close to Erzurum had "disappeared", and in the spring of 1917, Armenian gangs persecuted and tortured the people in order to collect the weapons in the hands of the people of the region. Later, it was stated by Russian officers, Lieutenant Colonel Tverdohlebof and Lieutenant Colonel Grizyanov and some academicians that the massacres increased with the withdrawal of the Russian army and that the people were killed in the Turkish villages on the way to Erzurum and about 800 Muslim Turks who were unable to escape in Ilica were killed.

The commander of the 15th Corps of the Turkish Army, Kazım Karabekir, was victorious as a result of his battles with the Armenian gangs in Erzurum and rescued Erzurum from the occupation (12 March, 1918). The people of Erzurum who migrated soon returned to Erzurum. The Turkish War of Independence was started on July 23, 1919 in Erzurum with the decisions taken at the Erzurum Congress.

Republican period

The first president of the Republic of Turkey Turkish politician and statesman Mustafa Kemal Ataturk on April 23, 1920, in Ankara, Turkey at the opening of the Grand National Assembly, was elected to the Assembly and the Government in his capacity as Chairman of Erzurum deputy.

Erzurum became a province during the Republican period and began to develop rapidly. Today it is the most developed and largest city in the Eastern Anatolia Region. The intercity traffic license plate number is 25 and the telephone code is 442.

Erzurum won the title of metropolitan by the decree numbered 504 issued on 2 September 1993. With the Law No. 5216 enacted in 2004, the boundaries of the metropolitan municipality were accepted as the governorship building and expanded to the boundaries of the apartment with a radius of 20 kilometers. New districts were established in the province with the law no. Law No. 6360 issued in 2012 by Turkey after the 2014 local elections, boundaries of metropolitan municipalities was provincial territorial boundaries.

Issued in November 1942 with the Wealth Tax Act affecting Muslims in Turkey in particular has been a process. Those who did not pay the determined debts within a month were sent to labor camps in Aşkale and Erzurum and were employed in various jobs. In January 1943, the first group went to Ashkale for the labor camps. As a result of the number of non-Muslim convoys who came to Ashkale, they were sent to Erzurum. The taxpayers in Aşkale and Erzurum were put on freight wagons in August 1943 and sent to Eskişehir. Non-Muslims, wealth taxpayers, cleared the snow on the road in Ashkale; Erzurum blocked the road from snow, swept the streets of the city. More than 20 non-Muslim taxpayers, most of them older, died in Erzurum. The Asset Tax, which reacted because non-Muslims demanded too much taxes to pay, caused various criticisms both at home and abroad.