Information About Erzurum Grand Mosque
Erzurum Ulu Mosque (or Mosque Atabeg, Atabey Mosque), Erzurum in Turkey, located in Yakutia district and the city's oldest mosque, which has the distinction of being the largest mosque.
history
The first Turkish principality established in Anatolia after the Battle of Malazgirt was the Saltuklu Principality which was established in Erzurum and adopted Erzurum as its capital. Emir Saltuk, who played an important role in winning the Manzikert Victory, is the founder of the principality. After the victory of Manzikert, Sultan Alparslan ordered the commanders under his command to continue the conquest in Anatolia upon the death of the Roman Emperor Romanos Diogenes. Based on this, Emir Saltuk conquered Erzurum and its vicinity and established the Saltuks Principality. Along with Saltuklu Principality, which originated in the Great Seljuk State, the Seljuk architecture entered Erzurum. The monumental structures of the time in Erzurum Province are historical monuments. Atabey Mosque, also known as Atabek Mosque, which has an important place among the works made with its unique features and skill, was built in 1179 during the time of Melik Nasirüddin Muhammed Bey (1174-1185) of Saltukoğullari. It is understood from a coin published in 1189 that he was subordinated to the Third Sultan of Iraqi Seljuks Tugrul and Atabeg Kizil Arslan, who held the main power. The reason why the Erzurum Grand Mosque, which was built during the reign of Melik Nasirüddin Muhammed Bey, was called "Atabeg Mosque" or "Atabey Mosque" is due to the devotion and respect for Sultan Atabeg Kızıl Arslan.
Architectural features
As it is known, the first mosques of Islamic Architecture were built on the roofs of the flat roof and covered courtyard. The courtyards, which were left open in hot countries, were shrunk in Anatolia and taken into the mosque and turned into a closed place. While some mosques were covered with flat roofs during the Seljuk Period, the architectural practices that revealed monumental spaces for the first time were observed in the Ottoman period. The mosque was built in accordance with Seljuk architecture. (52,5m x 41m) It is established on an area of 2152,5 m² and its internal usage area is 2000 m². It has a capacity of 6000 people. Today, 4500 people can easily pray at the same time. The mosque has five doors. Two of the gates are in the east and three are in the north. None of the gates is like any other. There is a niche on both sides of the first door to the east and the inscription of the restoration in 1860 is located on the edge. The mosque has three domes. The mihrab wall in its first construction is covered with a large pendantive dome, which is seated on the arches whose front parts are pointed. This dome, which has survived to the present day with its original form since it was built, is a wooden cover called "dovetail cover". With its construction design feature, it collects the moisture inside the mosque and pulls it out. Even if the mosque is in a very closed space view, thanks to this dome, there is no moisture inside the mosque. There are three small windows opening from the swallow cover to the east, west and south directions. There is no window to the north. Kılangıç falling on the northern part of the cover and looking at this section through the mosque on the second stretch; It is seen that the construction date of the mosque was written in Arabic numerals on wood using the hot spit of 1179. The second dome, located between the dovetail dome and Mukarnas stone carved dome from south to north, constitutes one of the enlightenment elements of the mosque with its window opening to the sky. In addition to this, Mukarnas Dome is placed in the middle of the mosque to make sound communication more healthy in the indoor area where 6000 people are simultaneously. In the direction of Qibla, there is a dovetail dome in the first row, and a third dome after the middle dome in the second row and a mukarnas embroidered dome which corresponds to the exact middle position of the mosque. Thanks to this dome, both the illumination of the mosque and the 10-times higher tone of the existing sound is provided. There is no other structure similar to this form of mukarnas covering only in Erzurum Ulu Mosque where it is calculated arithmetically and made of unique shapes on hard rock ground.
The four columns carrying the swallow dome are called "elephant's feet". Two rounded windows at the top of the two elephant legs in the direction of Qibla are called "elephant eyes". The eye of the elephant tends to the south-east on the left and the south-west on the right and forms a perspective towards the sky. These windows radiate light into the mosque like a lighting projector. When the sunlight leaking from the window on the left forms an ellipse-shaped light intensity on the ground floor inside the mosque, it becomes clear that the moment of prayer is read for the noon prayer. On the right, the same time for prayer in the afternoon prayer is reported to read. There are three Mihrabs on the Qibla wall. It belongs to the middle Imam. On the right and on the left, although the acoustic architectural sound system inside the mosque, even though the sound transmission will not be enough with the idea of the imam prayer at the time of repeating takbirler to announce to the congregation where the muezzin assistants called "Mihrabiye" s. Repairs to the mosque on different dates revealed a mixed architecture in the inner mosque. In the mosque, there are seven separate areas measuring 51 m x 54 m, which have a rectangular plan and are perpendicular to the mihrab wall of the mosque. Forty pillars, sixteen of them adjacent to the walls, carry the top cover of the mosque. The first part of the mosque is covered with barrel vaults. The two areas at the front of the second section are covered by the vault carried by the 10 pillars. The top cover of the third and fourth sections is covered with piers. The mosque mihrab is covered with a dome of five pillars. There are 47 columns in the mosque. In the central part of the mosque; 4 on the right side, 4 on the left side between the pillars 15 cm. differences are seen. Reconstruction of the columns in this way, the voice of the Imam in the mosque "U" shape is to spread. The forward and backward exits in the sequence of the columns in the mosque were made considering earthquake resistance and the load of the mosque building was skillfully distributed to these columns. The interior of the mosque is illuminated with 28 windows. On the second window to the south of the mosque there is a repair inscription dated 1826. In the first architect of the mosque, the soil cover was removed from the other sections covered with soil drops outside the dome and the vault cover top cover was used. The most striking parts of the mosque are the six series of muqarnas filled and vaulted sections, which are pyramidal in the middle axis. The entrance to the mosque from the east door number 1 is one of the noteworthy elements of the sun spectrum made from occasional red stones on the inner wall in the south direction and the itikaf circle corresponding to the upper part of this spectrum. There is a single minaret with brick and cylindrical body which can be accessed from inside the mosque and located on the right side of the mosque. The above part of the minaret palace was demolished and it was rebuilt with the subsequent repairs.
Destruction
It is one of the historical monuments that have survived for more than 830 years. Both the wear and tear due to natural conditions and the invasions and wars that have occurred in the geography since it was built and Erzurum Ulu Mosque were affected by the negativities that it was exposed to. The important and valuable pieces in the mosque's interior were destroyed by the Russians during the invasion of Erzurum. [2] In particular, the destruction of the inner side walls is indicative of the extent to which the work has been damaged. Until recently, the inner walls of the mosque had ringed niches nailed by the Russians to tie animals. These were the days when the Russians occupied Erzurum; Erzurum showed that they used the Great Mosque as a "barn" for their animals. Armenian gangs who took over the city after the Russians also caused great damage to the mosque. In his memoirs of Russian Lieutenant Colonel Tverdohlebof, he wrote: "In Erzurum, the Turkish bazaars began to be burned by the Armenians." to confirm the situation. Both the people living in those days, this situation to pass on to the next generations and the image in the mosque, materially, confirms what happened. From time to time, large-scale repairs and the sensitivity of the people of the region made the mosque a "center of attraction of Islam" as it was when it was first built.
Repair
Erzurum Grand Mosque, Sultan IV. It was used as a food and food store during the time of Murad. It is understood that the inscriptions in the mosque were repaired five times on different dates. In 1639, Erzurum Governor Hüseyin Pasha, in 1826 by Ali Efendi and also in 1858, 1860 in the mosque was repaired. Inscriptions indicating these repairs are available in the mosque. During the Republican era (1957-1964), the mosque was once again repaired.
In the last major repair, the upper part of the mosque has been changed. Especially in these repairs, some elements which were not paid attention to the origin of the mosque were eliminated. The most important of these are the overflow formations in the roofing eaves of the upper outer part, which causes the windows of the mosque to be partially lost the characteristics of the so-called "filgözü" facing south-east and south-west directions. These excess portions of the cover eaves partially prevent the sunlight from entering the filament windows.
Another is related to the sun spectrum of different colors on the right inner wall when you enter the mosque through the eastern gate. This part, which was thought to be related to time determination and which had no transportation hours at the time of its construction, probably served as a joint with an existing lighting section on the mosque. In the repairs made, the removal of the upper wooden cover and the replacement of the covered wooden cover has canceled this element. In addition, there is a 3 m² itikaf apartment located between the outer and inner walls of the mosque at the upper level of this solar spectrum. In the last ten days of the month of Ramadan, the Department of Revenge is used to worship by closing the mosque and closing the attention of the world affairs to gain the pleasure of Allah. The entrance to the Itikaf apartment is located right next to the sunshine. The Itikaf apartment is accessed through a small door in the mosque using stone stairs.
Present location
Erzurum Ulu Mosque is located on Cumhuriyet Street in the city center of Erzurum, west of the Double Minaret Madrasa. There is no structure between the Double Minaret Madrasah and Erzurum Ulu Mosque. They are neighbors. In Erzurum, as in the Ulu Mosque in every city, the place to meet Friday prayers is especially the Ulu Mosque. Although all other mosques in Erzurum have Friday and Bayram prayers and Terawih prayers during Ramadan, it is the mosque that Erzurumians have carefully preferred to worship. The tradition of thousand one hatim has been lived in Erzurum Ulu Mosque without any interruption and it is still continuing with intensive participation.
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01/08/2019 
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